Η πολιτική οικονομία του Ίντερνετ

μετάφραση του δημοσιευμένου το 1999 άρθρου (επιτρέπεται η ανα-δημ. και χρήση για μη εμπορικούς σκοπούς)

? a??pt??? t?? ??te??et st? ??s? ??e? s???de?te? ap? t?? ???d? µ?a? ?p?pta ?pe?a?s??d???? ?de?????a? (t?? ??te??et?f???a?), ? ?p??a ß??pe? se a?t? t? ?e?ape?a e??? a???µ?? de???? p?? µast????? t? s??????? ???????a. ??t? ? ??eµ????? p??s????s? t?? a??a??? p?? ep?f??e? t? ??te??et e?te??eta? se ??e? t?? sfa??e? t?? a????p???? d??s??, ap? t??? a?ad?µa????? ??????? µ???? t?? ??????µ?a ?a? t?? p???t???. ??e? ap?fas?st??? ?a????se? t?? a?t????? ?a? t?? s???t?se?? µa? ??a t? ??te??et, pe???????p????ta? ?p??ad?p?te p??s????s? de? p??s?p????fe? t?? te????????? ?tete?µ???sµ? ?a? t? ?e???s? t?? µ?????t?? µa? ?? a?ap?t?epta ?atate????t?? p??? t?? e?e??e?? a????. ?a??t? ???sµ???? ????? ep?s?µ??e? t? µetaf?s???, e???t??????? ?a? µe????t??????? f?s? t?? s??af?? s???t?se?? ( Barbrook ?a? Cameron 1996, Hacker 1996, Sardar 1996), ? ???e??? s?st?µat???? ???t???? ?a? ? ???st??? f?s? t?? e?eta??µe??? d??µat?? ????? ?d???se? se µ?a p??t?fa?? ????s? ??a t?? ape?e?????s? t?? ep????????a? ap? ???e ???µ?st??? p?a?s?? p?? de? s???de? p??? t?? e?e??e?? a???? ?a? t?? ????t? e?sa???? t?? ??e?t??????? eµp????? on - line . ?? ??te??et ??e? a?a???e?te? se s?µß??? t?? ?ap?ta??sµ?? t?? pa???sµ?a? e?e??e??? a?????. ??af????ta? p??? t? ?s???? pa??de??µa, t? ?ef??a?? a?t? ???e? ?a de??e? ?t? ? on - line ep????????a ?a?????eta? ap? t? d?ap???? ??????????, ??????µ???? ?a? p???t???? pa?a???t??, ?? ?p???? se µe???? ßa?µ? ap?fas????? ??a t? µ????? t?? ??te??et. S??ep??, ? ??sp?s? e??? p?a?s??? ???µ?se?? ??a t?? s?et???? µe t? ??te??et ß??µ??a??e? ??e? ???st? s?µas?a, a? ?????µe a?t? ?a ap?ße? ?f???µ? ??a t? ????? ?a?? .

?a ??e? pa???se? a????, ??at? t? ??f?a?? eµp???t??e? ??e? t?? ??e?? t?? ???????a? µe d??aµ?sµ?. ? d??aµ?sµ?? ?atast??fe? t?? e???s?a ?a??st??ta? t?? p??s?????. ?at? s???pe?a, ??a ?a µetaµ??f????ta? ad????pa, t?p?te de? ?a ???e? t? f?es??da t??, ?aµ?? d?µ? de? ?a ep???ate?. ?aµ?? ???s? de? ?a e??a? d?a???????, ?aµ?? p???t??? ???st???, ?a???a e??t?µa µ???µ?? ep?µ????, ? a?t????? p?? ????µe ??a t? ???s? p??pe? ?a a????e?. ?? ?p?st????t?? t?? ??te??et?f???a? d?ate????ta? ?t? ? ??f??p???s? t?? te???????a? ep?f??e? a??a??? st? s????? t?? ???????a?, a??a??? p?? e??a? ad??at? ?a ?????? ?ata???t??, ?a p??se???st??? ?a? ?a a?t?µet?p?s????, a? de? e??a??d???e? µ?a ??a f???s?f?a.

? s??e??? a?af??? st?? ????? ?a? t? d?a??? a?a???s? t?? ???s?? ?????e? st??? ep????t?? t?? te???p?a? t?? et???ta t?? «?p?s??d??µ????» e?? ?a?a?t????e? t?? a?t????? t??? ??a t?? te????????? a??a?? ?? «pe?????»? a?t?? e??a? ?? «??f?a??? ?ste???» ( Negroponte 1995:7). ??s? a?t?? t?? d?ad??as?a?, ?? e?a??a?t???? ?pt???? f?µ????ta? ?a? ?? ??te??et?f?????? s????afe?? a?t?a?a???e???ta? se ??ße???-??aµat?st??. ? ??te??et?f???a ?p?st????e? ?t? ? ??te??et??? ep????????a ?a p??a???e? t?? e?e??e??a. ? e?e??e??a e??a? t? d?????µa p?? a?t?p??s?pe?e? ? d???t???? ??????ta?? ? a??a p?? ?aµß??e? p??te?a??t?ta ??a?t? ?p??asd?p?te ?????. ??t??t???, ? ???? se a?t? ta s?µf?a??µe?a d????e? t?? a???t??? e?e??e??a? , ?a?' ?s?? p???e?ta? ??a e?e??e??a ap? e??te?????? pe?????sµ??? (e? a?t???se? p??? µ?a ?et??? ??f?as? t?? e?e??e??a?).

? ??te??et?f???a e??a? p??s???µ??? st?? ?d?a ?t? t? ??te??et e??a? e?e??e??, µ?a ????a??? ??t?t?ta ?pe???? t?? ?f?st?µe??? s??se??, ?pe???? t?? ???????a?. ????t???t?ta st?? ep??? t?? ??te??et s?µa??e? e?e??e??a ap? t?? p?a?µat???t?ta, ?a? e?e??e??a ap? t?? p?a?µat???t?ta s?µa??e? e?e??e??a ap? ?p??ad?p?te ?????????, ??????µ??? ? p???t??? µ????- ? µa???-d?ad??as?a, t?? ????t???a? µ? e?a????µ????. ?? ??te??et a?t??a??st? t? d?µ?µ???, ??e?st? s?st?µa t?? fa???? a?t?p??s?pe?t???? d?µ???at?a? µe ??a e??e??? e?e??e?? pa??de??µa ?µes?? d?µ???at?a?. ?? ?a e?sa? ??a? ?et?p???t?? ?a? ?a s?µµet??e?? se a?t?? t?? ape?t?p?sµ??? a???? ap?te?e? f?s??? d??a??µa st?? ??f?a?? ??sµ? –??a? ??sµ? e?e??e?? ap? ???e edaf???t?ta ?a? ???e ????????? f?a?µ?. ??e??e??a d??s?? st? ??te??et s?µa??e? e?e??e??a ?????. ? e?e??e??a t?? ??f?as?? –t? s?µß???, ??s?ast???, t?? ??ße???-e?e??e??a?- e??a? a?t? ??a t? ?p??? a???????ta? ?? ?et?p???te?.

?e?p???t??? t?? p????f???a?, d??ad? t?? ???s? p??sßas? t?? ?at????? t?? p?a??t? st?? p????f???a ???? ?e???af???? ??s?? ( Negroponte 1996 a ). ? ?e???af?a e??a? pa????µ??? pe??tt?, ?p?? pe??tt? e??a? ?a? ? ?e?-e???s?a. ?? ??te??et, ???p??, ?a e?d??aµ?se? ta ?t?µa p?? e??????? st?? ?????????? pa??f??, ?a? t??? ?esµ??? ?a? t?? ???e? t?? ?????????-??????µ???? pe??f??e?a? ( Poster 1995, Turckle 1995, Johnson ?a? Post 1997). Ta a?at???e? t? s?µe???? e???s?ast??? d?µ? µetaµ??f????ta? t??? p???te? t?? p?a??t? ap? ????d????? ?eat?? t?? p???????a? se e?e????? pa?a?????? on - line p????f???a? ( Goodwin 1996). ??a t?t??a e?d???µ?s? ?a??stata? pe?a?t??? ef??t? ap? t? ?t?, ap? te?????? ?p????, t? ??te??et e??a? ap??e?t??µ???: de? ??e? ???t?? ?a? ??a de? µp??e? ?a e?e???e? te????? ( Negroponte 1995, Barrett 1996, Caruso 1996, Gates 1996, Volkmer 1996, Froomkin 1997, Johnson ?a? Post 1997, Schwartz 1997). ?? p?s? pe??pt?se?, ? ????? ?a? µ??? t?? d?e???µe??? p????f???a? ?a??st? ad??at? t?? ?s??s? ?p????d?p?te e?????? ep' a?t?? ( Johnson ?a? Post 1997). ?? s?ept??? e??a? ?t? ? te????? ad??aµ?a ???µ?s?? ?a? e?????? pa?a??e? t?? e???s?a t?? e?????? ???t??? ( Caruso 1996: 57). ??t? ?a? t? e?d?af???? t?? ??te??et?f???a? ??a t?? at?µ??? e?e??e??a s??ep????ta? ?t? ? ??te??et?f???a e??a? e??e??? a?t?-etat?st??? ( Chapman 1995, Poster 1995, Barlow 1996, Gidary 99, Heilemann 1996, Kline ?a? Burstein 1996, Negroponte 1996, Steele 1996, Economist 1996, 1997 a , Volkmer 1996, Abrams 1997, Froomkin 1997, Johnson ?a? Post 1997, Browning 1998). ?? ???t?? pa???s???eta? ?? ??a? ate??sf???? a?a?????sµ??, ??a? ??afe????at???? e????? t?? e?e??e??a?, ? de ?pa??? t?? ?? pe??tt? ??a t?? e????µ? ?e?t?????a t?? ??te??et. ?? ???t?? ???e? t? ??µ?µ?t?t? t?? st?? on - line ??sµ? ( Johnson ?a? Post 1997:10)? ?fe??e? -?a? ?a t? ???e?- ?a ?de?se? p??? t? µa?asµ?, ?a??? ? ??ße???????? ?a d?e????eta? ?????a pe??ss?te?? ( Negroponte 1995:230, Barlow 1996 a ).

??t? t?? eµp?st?s??? st? ??te??et s?µµe?????ta? ?? ??as?te? t?? ??te??et?f???a?, ?????p?? p??e???µe??? ap? d??f????? ?????? ?? ?p???? p????????? st?? est?as? t???. St?? a?ad?µa??? ?a? t? d?µ?s????af??? ???? µp????µe ?a d?a??????µe, ?at' a????, µ?a f??e?e??e??-?a???st??? p??s????s? ? ?p??a d??e? ?d?a?te?? ß???? st?? at?µ??? e?e??e??a ?a? st? ??te??et ?? eµp??e?µat??? a???? ?de?? ( Negroponte 1995, Froomkin 1997, Dyson 1998)? ?? p?? p??sfat?? ?p?st????t?? µ?a? t?t??a? p??s????s?? e??a? ?? ??as?te? t?? a???a??? ?tete?µ???sµ?? ( Barlow 1996, Tapscott 1996, Economist 1997, Huber 1997, Kahin 1997, Rosseto 1997: 244, Schwartz 1997, Solomon 1998). ?at? de?te???, e?t?p????µe µ?a pe??s?tte?? µeta?e?te???? p??s????s?, ? ?p??a e?et??e? p?? ? ??te??et??? ep????????a ape?e??e???e? t? ?p??e?µe?? ap? t?? ??t??????? ?at??a t?? ?e?te????t?ta? ( Poster 1995, Turckle 1995, Reid 1996, Renan 1996). St?? p???t??? ????, ? ??ß????s? Clinton st?? ??? ?a? ? p??s????s? Bangeman st?? ????pa??? ???s? ?p???a? ?? ?????te??? ?p??µa??? t?? f??e?e??e??p???s?? t?? ep????????a? e? ???µat? t?? s?????s?? ( Clinton 1992, 1998, ??ß????s? Clinton 1993, 1995, 1997, Gore 1993, 1994, 1994 a , CEC 1994:8,15,1997, KPMG 1996, Bangeman 1997, 1997 a , Papas 1997:5). ???? ?a? st?? ep??e???µat??? ??sµ?, ? e?µet???e?s? t?? ??f?a??? st??µ?? ?p???e a?ap?fe??t? ( Gates 1996, Hammond 1996, Henning 1997).

? ??te??et?f???a e?d????eta? ?at? d?? t??p???. ?a??t? a?t?? de? d?a???????ta? ap???ta, ? p??t??, ta ßas??? d??µata t?? ?p???? a?a??saµe p??????µ????, a??e?ta? ?a de??e? ?t? ?p???e? ?d???t?s?a st?? on - line ??sµ? ( Barlow 1996:172, Negroponte 1995: 59) ? ?t? ? ?pa??? ?d???t?s?a? ??e? ??p??a ep?pt?s? ??a t?? on - line ??sµ? ( Turckle 1995). ?? ??te??et ????d?µe?ta? ?? ??a e??e??? a?a????? s?st?µa, a?t?pa?at???µe?? st? t????? ?d???t?s?a?? s?st?µa. ? de?te?? ??fa?s? t?? ??te??et?f???a?, ep? t?? pa???t?? ??eµ?????, s?µµe???eta? a?t? ta ?a?a?t???st???, a??? d?a????eta? ep?p???? ap? µ?a? ap????s? t?? ?f?st?µe??? ?d???t?s?a??? s?st?µat??, ap? ??a? a???a?? ?tete?µ???sµ? ? ?p????, µe t?? e?a??e??a t?? s?????s??, pe??ß???eta? ????? f?s???? ??µ?? ?? ? µ??? ?d?? ??a t? µ????? t?? d?µ?s?a? p???t????. ?? ???????, t? ??te??et ?a? ? a???? pa???s?????ta? ?? ?at' ??s?a? pa?eµfe?e?? ??t?t?te?, ad?a????ste? ?a? a?t?????µ???µe?e?.

? de?te?? ??fa?s?t?? ??te??et?f???a? a?apt?????e ?? ap??t?s? st?? a???µe?? eµp??e?µat?p???s? t?? ??te??et. ?? ??te??et ?e??e?ta? p???? ?? eµp??e?µa: «??e? p?aste? sta d??t?a t?? µe????? eta??e??? ( it has gone corporate )», ??e? ?ataste? p???? s??µ?? ( Andrews 1994, Lohr 1994, Economist 1996, Miller 1996: 23-4, Henning 1997: 17-18, Hudson 1997: 11-37, Noam 1997, Schwartz 1997: 15, Sassen 1998). ?p??st? se a?t?? t?? eµp??e?µat?p???s?, ?p???sd?p?te ?s????sµ?? ?t? t? Net a??eta? ?pe???? t?? ?????? s??se?? ???e? p???? t? ??e?sµ? t??. ??? a?t??at?stas? t?? ???e µ?a ap????s? –µ?a t??µ??? d?aßeßa??s?, ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?e????te??? ???µat?? t?? s???t?s?? ??a t? ??te??et ?a? t?? ?d???t?s?a, d??ad?, ?t? t? ??te??et d??e? af??µ? ??a t?? a??d?s? e??? ap???ta ???? ??????µ???? pe??ß?????t??, µ?a? ??a? ??????µ?a?. ????e?ta? ??a µ?a «??f?a?? ??????µ?a», ßas?sµ??? st?? af????a µ????? pa?? st?? ???e???? ??a µ?a? a???? ?p?? ? p??sf??? e??a? ?s? µe t? ??t?s? ?a? ?? t?µ?? ?a???????ta? st? ?at?te?? ß??t?st? ep?ped?? ?p?? ta ?????p???a ap?fe????ta? ???? t?? ?aµ???? ??st??? e?s?d?? st?? a????? ?p?? ?? d?s?e?t?????e? t?? a????? e??a? p???? pa?e???? ?a? ? p??????a e?asfa??sµ???. ??t? ? a???? ap?te?e? ??a? pa??de?s? ??a t??? pa?a?????? ?a? t??? ?ata?a??t??. ??d?p??? ?????sµ? t?? e??a? ? d??aµ???? a?ta????sµ?? ( Gilder 1996:5).

St?? ??sµ? t?? bits de? ?p???e? s?s?e?as?a ??te d?a??µ? (?????ta? a?t?µata). ?a ???a?? ??st? ????? ?ata????e? ?a? t??t? ??e? ?? s???pe?a ?? ??????µ?e? ???µa?a? ?a µ?? ap?f????? p???? a?ta????st??? p?e????t?µa. ??? ? d?af????? t?µ?????s? e??a? d?s???? se µ?a at?µ??? ??????µ?a, e??a? ??t?µa e??? ep?p???? ???? st?? ??????µ?a t?? bits . ??t??a ?a?a?t???st??? ?d????? se µ?a? a???s? t?? ap?te?esµat???t?ta? t?? d??t???. ????e?ta? ??a µ?a? a???? ?????µe?? ap? t? ??t?s?. G?at?, a? a?a??a?a s?????? ??a t?? ap?d?t???t?ta t?? a????? e??a? ? ???a?? d???es? p????µ?? ?a ?s??ta? µe t? ???a?? ??st?? ( Varian 1996, Negroponte 1997), ? t?µ? st? Net ?s??ta? µe t?? ???a?? d???es? p????µ??. ?e ???a ????a, ?? t?µ?? ?a???????ta? ap? t? ??t?s? ?a?, a?t? t?? e???p??? p??sf????, ? ??????µ?a t?? Web «pa???s???e? e???p? ??t?s?» ( Schwartz 1997 a :2). ? ??t?s? µp??e? ep?t????? ?a p??e? t?? e?d???s? t??, µp??e? ?a ap??t?se? t? d??aµ? p?? a???a?e? t?? ????e, ??at? a?t? e??a? ? a???? t?? p?????? ( Negroponte 1997 a :112). ?e ???a ????a, ?? pa?ad?s?a??? a???ast???? s?????e? p?? e??a? d??at?? ?a ?d???s??? st?? e?µet???e?s? ßas????ta? st?? ???e???. ?? t? ??te??et e??a? ? t??e?a a????, t?te ? ?ap?ta??sµ?? e??a? t? t??e?? s?st?µa, ??at? ?aµ?? a??s?t?ta de? p???e?ta? ?a pa?a??e?. ?at? ta ?e??µe?a t?? Bill Gates (1996:207):

? ?ap?ta??sµ??, saf?? t? sp??da??te?? ap' ?sa ??????µ??? s?st?µata ????? ?atas?e?aste?, ??e? ?at? t?? pe?asµ??? de?aet?a ap?de??e? saf?? ta p?e??e?t?µat? t?? ??a?t? t?? e?a??a?t???? s?st?µ?t??. ?a??? t? ??te??et e?e??sseta? st? e????? f?sµat??, pa???sµ?? d?ad?ast??? d??t?? t??, ta p?e??e?t?µata a?t? ?a µe??st?p???????. ?? pa???e?? p?????t?? ?a? ?p??es??? ?a ß??p??? t? ?????? ?? a???ast?? p??? ap?te?esµat???te?a ap' ?,t? p??? ?a? ?? ?ata?a??t?? ?a a???????? p??? ap?te?esµat???te?a. ??µ??? ?t? ? Adam Smith ?a ?ta? e?t????.

?? ? a???? de? µp??e? ?a e?e???e?, ?aµ?? eta??e?a de? µp??e? ?a a????e? d?a???? ta ???d? t?? ?a? ?? p??sp??e?e? ap????sµ?? t?? ??ße???????? e??a? ?atad??asµ??e? ?a ap?t????? ( Bloomberg News 1997, Kantor 1998).

??s? t?? ?d?a? t?? ??a? ??????µ?a?, ? a???? ?a? t? ??te??et ?atas?e?????ta? ?? ??s?ast??? pa?eµfe?e?? ??t?t?te?? t? ??te??et eµfa???e? µ?a ßas??? ?µ???t?ta p??? t?? a????. ????sta, ???eta? µetaf??? t??. ?p?? t? ??te? ? Kahin (1887:184):

?a? p???, ?µ??, a?t? ?a?ea?t?? ? a???? ??d?p?te ??e? ?????e? µe t?s? ta??t?ta. ??sa se µ?a d??????µe?? epe?d?t??? ?????t?ta, t? ??te??et ?e??e?ta? ??? µ???? ?? ? ?????? ?p????????a?? ?p?d?µ? t?? pa?e????t?? ?a? t?? µ?????t??(;), a??? ?a? ?? ??a? a?a??? ??????ta? ?e?te??sµ?? ?a? ep??e???µat???? p??t?ß????a?. ???a? ta?t?????a ?p?stat?, ?????? ?a? ?esµ???, ??a ???a???? p???µa as????pt?? p???t?? ?a? ??t???t?ta?. ?µfa???e? µ?a pa???e?? ?µ???t?ta µe t?? ?d?a t?? a???? –st?? ?p??a, µe t?? ??e?s? t?? ??e?t??????? eµp?????, ?p?s?eta? ?a d?se? ??a p???, sta p?a?s?a e??? aµ??ßa??? e?a??a??sµ??.

?ed?µ???? t?? a?et?? t?? ??a? ??????µ?a?, ??a p??? ???? ?a ste??s??µe t?? ??sµ? ap? t?? e??a???a p?? t?? pa???eta?, ?a e??a??d??se? t? ??te??et ??a pe??ß????? a?ta????sµ?? ?a? ?a d??se? ?? f???a? e?d?µ???at?sµ?? ?a? se ?????? t?µe?? t?? ??????µ???? d?ast????t?ta?, p??a? t?? ep????????a?; ???ß?????ta? a?t? t? ep??e???µa, ? ??te??et?f???a ??te? t? ??e?t?????? eµp???? st? ???t?? t?? at???ta?. ?? t? ??te??et e??a? µ?a ??????µ?a af????a?, t?te ? a???? ?a? ? p???s? a?a??? ????? ap? t?? ep????????a de ?a ?p?epe ?a ??te? se ???d??? t?? ??e?t?????? ep????????a ( Hagel ?a? Armstrong 1997: 16). ?? ??te??et ßa?µ?d?? ????eta? ??? ap???e?st??? ?? ??a µ?s? ep????????a? a??? ?a? ?? µ?a p?atf??µa pa??d?s??, ?? µ?a ?p?d?µ?/te???????a st?? ?p??a µp????? ?a «t??????» p????? efa?µ????, ?at? t?? ep???µ?e? t?? ???st?? ( Lehr 1998, Solomon 1998).

St? d?µ?s?a p???t???, ? s?????s? e??a? ? p????a? t?? de?te??? ??fa?s?? t?? ??te??et?f???a?.

?? d?? e?f??se?? t?? ??te??et?f???a? eµfa?????? p????? ?µ???t?te?: ??a t?? p??t?, de? ?f?stata? d?a????sµ?? µeta?? pa?a????? ?a? ?ata????s?? on - line . G?a t? de?te??, ??a? t?t???? d?a????sµ?? µeta?? pa?a????? ?a? ?ata????s?? on - line e??a? ef??t??, a??? ste?e?ta? s?µas?a?, ef' ?s?? ? µeta?? t??? e???s?ast??? s??s? ??e? a?at?ape? ap? t?? t??e?a a????.

? a?t?d?as?

?a?at??e?ta? µ?a t?s? ?a a?t??aµßa??µaste t?? ??te??et?f???a ?? µ?a ?de?????a ? ?p??a d????eta? s?µe?a µ?a pe???d? a?t?d?as?? , ?? t?? ??f?as? t?? ef?ße?a? t?? ??te??et, ?? µ?a ?pe?ß??? ?e?ape?µ??? ap? t?? ???µa?s? t?? µ?s?? ( Betig 1997, Hudson 1997, Noam 1997, Sassen 1998). ??a t?t??a p??s????s? e??a? pa?ap?a??t???. ?at' a????, de? epa???e?eta? ???????????, ef' ?s?? ? ??te??et?f????? f???????a d?a???? a????eta?. ?at? de?te???, e??a? ?a? ? ?d?a ??te??et?f?????, ?a?' ?s?? ap??e? t?? ?d?a t?? s??e???? µetaß????. ?at? t??t?? de, ?p?t?µ? t? sp??da??t?ta p?? ??e? ? de?te?? ??fa?s? t?? ??te??et?f???a? ??a t?? ep??e???µat??? ??sµ?? t? ??te??et ??e? ?ataste? pa????? ??????µ??? ?daf?? ??a ???e t??µ??? ep??e???µat?a. ??ta?t??, de? ?aµß??e? ?p??? t? ?t? t?? ?d?a ??a p?? ?? s????afe?? µ????? ??a a?t?d?as? , ?a??ss??ta? d?µ?s?e? p???t???? ?? ?p??e? ap????? ?a? p??????? ta a??t??? a?t?µata. ? ??te??et?f???a d?af??e? ap? t?? ?pe?a?s??d??e? ?de?????e? p?? s???de?a?, ????? ?????, t?? ???d? t?? ?a??d?a??? t??e??as??, ?at? t? ?t? ep?f??e? d?aµat???? a??a??? st?? p???t???, ?s?? af??? t? ???µ?s? t?? ep????????a??? te?????????: ? ??µ?? pe?? ???ep?????????? [ Telecommunications Act ] t?? 1996 ?a? ? ???s??? ??ß??? ??a t? S?????s? [ Green Paper on Convergence ] ?p???a? p??t?fa?e?? st?? ?st???a t?? µa????? ep????????a? ????se?? p??? t?? ape?e?????s? ap? ?p???d?p?te ???µ?st??? p?a?s??. ?? se????? t?? a?t?d?as?? pa?aß??pe? t?? ?a???a s?µß??? t?? d?µ?s?a? p???t???? st?? p?????s? t?? ??te??et?f?????? at???ta?. ?? p?a?s?? t?? ?e?f??e?e??e??? p???t???? p?? t????e ap? t?? ??te??et?f???a st? ???µa t?? te?????????? ?tete?µ???sµ?? ??e? ???se? ??ße???se?? se ???????? t?? ??sµ? ?a ????et?s??? ??a e?p??e??µe?? ap? t?? ??? f??e?e??e?? p?a?s?? ??a t? ???µ?s? t?? ??e?t??????? ep????????a?. ?p??ad?p?te sp??ad??? a?t?d?as? e?a?t??? µ?a? t?t??a? at???ta? ??e? ?atad??aste? ?? de??µa ?p?s??d??µ???t?ta? ? p??state?t?sµ??. ??a? te?e??? d?af??et????, ?e?f??e?e??e??? t??p?? a?t?????? t?? ep????????a? ??e? ?pa???e??e? e? ???µat? t?? te???????a?. ? s?µß????? d??aµ? t?? ??te??et st?? e??p???t?s? t?? a??pt???? t?? ?ap?ta??st???? ???t??? ?a? t?? a?aß??s? t? ??e???p?µ???? p???t???? t?? e?e??e??? a????? d?a???? a????e?. ?e t?? ??e?s? t?? ??e?t??????? eµp?????, ?? ep?pt?se?? a?t?? t?? d??aµ?? e?te????ta? ?a? se ???e?, p??a? t?? ep????????a?, pe??????. ?e? ?p???e? a?t?d?as? (fa???µe?? ) e???t?a st? s?µß????? d??aµ? t?? ??te??et. ?????, ? ?d?a µ?a? a?t?d?as?? (e??? ) pa?a??????e? p?s? ?a???e? ep?pt?se?? e??e ? e?sa???? t?? ??e?t??????? eµp????? ??a t? ?e????te?? f?s? t?? ??te??et. ?? ??e?t?????? eµp???? a????e? t? ?e?t?????a p?? ep?te?e? t? ??te??et, µetat??p??t?? t? ap? µ?s? ep????????a? se p?atf??µa pa??d?s??. ??a pe??ss?te?? ???e?? a?t?st???? t?? ?a ?ta? ?a e?s??aµe 500 ??a ?a????a t??ea????? ?a? ?a ?p?st????aµe ?t? a?t? de? ?a ep???a?e t? ?e?t?????a t?? t??e??as??.

? e?sa???? t?? ??e?t??????? eµp????? on - line p??pe? ?a a?t?µet?p?s?e? ???t???. ??t? t?t??? de? ??e? ???e? a??µ? epa????, ??at? ? pe?? a?t?d?ast??? () f???????a ?a? ?? µ???? t??de ap?pe??e? ???t???? a????s?? eµfa?????? µ?a ep?p???? ad??aµ?a. ??????? ???e ??stas? st? ??t?µa t?? p??sßas?? ?a?, ?? e? t??t??, µ?a a????s? pe?? «p???s??? ?a? pt???? t?? p????f???a?» pa???s???eta? ?? t? µ??? a?t?pa?? d??? t?? ??te??et?f???a? ( Bettig 1997, Sussman 1997:171). ??????t? ? p??sßas? e??a? ??a s?µa?t??? ??µa, ? est?as? t?? ???t???? se a?t?? af??e? t?? e?t?p?s? ?t? e?e??? p?? st?a??a???e? t?? ??f?a?? d?µ???at?a e??a? ? ???e??? ?p?d?µ?? ?a? p??sßas??. ?µ?? µ?a t?t??a ?p??? ap??e? ta ??te??et?f????? d??µata p?? p??pe? ?a ?ata???f????. ? ???s? e??p??s? t?? a??pt???? t?? ??te??et ???eta? pa?ade?t? st?? e???se?? t?? ??S? , se ep?s?µa ????afa t?? ????pa???? ???s??, se e???se?? ??a t?? pa???sµ?a p????f???a?? ?p?d?µ?, ??p. ??a ???t??? p?? est???e? st?? p??sßas? e??a? f??µa??st???, de? p??ßa??e? se ?a????st??? a?t?µata ?a? de? ?pe?aµ??eta? ??p??a? ?de?d??? ?e?t?????a? ??a t? ??te??et? d????e? ap??? ?a? p??? ?t? t? ?t?µ? ?a p??pe? ?a ??e? p??sßas? st? ??te??et. ?e s???t? t? pe??e??µe?? t?? ??te??et. ?? pe??e??µe?? ?a µp????se ?a e??a? ?t?d?p?te.

G?a ?a pa???s??s??µe µ?a ????µ? ???t???, p??pe? ?a ?ata???s??µe ?t? t? p??ß??µa de? e??a? ? st??µ? e?f???a? t?? ??te??et?f???a?, ?t? de? fta?e? t? ?t? ta ???? e??t?µata ????? te?e? ?a? ? ??te??et?f???a d??e? ap??? esfa?µ??e? apa?t?se??. ?? p??ß??µa e??a? ta esfa?µ??a e??t?µata. ?? s?µa??e? t? a?t?µa ??a p??sßas? st? ??te??et; ???sßas? se t?; ?a? p??sßas? ??a p???? s??p?; G?at? ?a ?p?epe ?a d??e? t? d??a??µa st??? ?p??µa???? t?? ?ap?ta??sµ?? t?? e?e??e??? a????? ?a ??eµ???p???s??? ??a µ?s? ?a? ?a ?a????s??? t?? ??? f?s? t??; G?at? ? a???? eµfa???e? pe??ss?te?e? e??e?e?? ?µ???t?te? µe t? ??te???et et ap' ?,t? µe t? ?ad??f???; G?at? ?a ?p?epe t? ??e?t?????? eµp???? ?a? ? ??e?t?????? ep????????a ?a s???p?????? –a??µ? ?a? a? e??a? s?µßat??; ??p?? ß????µe eµp??e?µata sta s???e?a µa?, µ?????t? ?s?? de??µaste ?t? a?t? de ?a pa?eµp?d??e t? µa??s?a?? d?ad??as?a; G?at? ?e??e?ta? ded?µ??? ?t? t? ?de?de? e??a? ??a ??te??et ??a t?? ???se?? t?? ?p???? ap?fas??e? t? ?t?µ?; ?a? p???? ??e? a priori de??e? ?t? ?f?stata? µ?a ????a??? ??t?t?ta p?? ???µ??eta? af???µ??a «?t?µ?», ? ?p??a ?a ?a????se? µ?a t?t??a p??sßas?;

?p????µe ?a as??s??µe ???t??? st? f???s?f??? ?p?ßa??? t?? ??te??et?f???a? ??a t??? ?d???? ?????? p?? as???µe ???t??? ?a? se p???? ?e?f??e?e??e?a d??µata: µ?a eµp?st?s??? st? af???µ??? ?t?µ? ( Marx 1968: 29), µ?a aß?s?µ? pep????s? ?t? t? at?µ??? e??a? ap???µµ??? ap? t? ?????????, ?t? e??a? ????a??? ( MacIntyre 1981, 1988, 1990, Sandel 1982, Walzer 1983, Taylor 1990 a ), ?a? µ?a p?st? st?? a???t??? e?e??e??a, ?eµe???µ??? st?? ta?t?????a ?t? ? ?????p??, ??ta? ?e???µ???? e?e??e???, ?fe??e? ?a? ?a e??a? e?e??e???. ???a? a?t??, µp??e? ?a ?p?st?????e? ?t? ? ??te??et?f???a e??a? ??a d??µa te?????????? ?tete?µ???sµ??. ?p??e? a??µ? ?a ?p?st?????e? ?t? f?s???p??e? ?a? p?a?µ?p??e? t?? a???? ?a? t? Net . ?p?p????, ? ??te??et?f???a de???e? µ?a? ad??a??????t? eµp?st?s??? st?? ?µes? d?µ???at?a. ?p?s?? pa?aß??pe? ?t? ? ???e??? de? e??a? ??a fa???µe?? p?? ep?ß???eta? ap? t?? te???????a, a??? µ?a ??????µ??? p?a?µat???t?ta. ?at? s???pe?a, as??t?? t?? pe?? p??a? te???????a? p???e?ta?, de? ?f?stata? ??t? a?????? µe µ?a ??????µ?a t?? af????a?, af' ?? st??µ?? ta ??????µ??? a?a?? e??a? e? ???sµ?? e???p?.

? s????e?a st?? ??f?a?? ??sµ?

pa?eµp?d??e t? µa??s?a?? d?ad??as?a; G?at? ?e??e?ta? ded?µ??? ?t? t? ?de?de? e??a? ??a ??te??et ??a t?? ???se?? t?? ?p???? ap?fas??e? t? ?t?µ?; ?a? p???? ??e? a priori de??e? ?t? ?f?stata? µ?a ????a??? ??t?t?ta p?? ???µ??eta? af???µ??a «?t?µ?», ? ?p??a ?a ?a????se? µ?a t?t??a p??sßas?;

?p????µe ?a as??s??µe ???t??? st? f???s?f??? ?p?ßa??? t?? ??te??et?f???a? ??a t??? ?d???? ?????? p?? as???µe ???t??? ?a? se p???? ?e?f??e?e??e?a d??µata: µ?a eµp?st?s??? st? af???µ??? ?t?µ? ( Marx 1968: 29), µ?a aß?s?µ? pep????s? ?t? t? at?µ??? e??a? ap???µµ??? ap? t? ?????????, ?t? e??a? ????a??? ( MacIntyre 1981, 1988, 1990, Sandel 1982, Walzer 1983, Taylor 1990 a ), ?a? µ?a p?st? st?? a???t??? e?e??e??a, ?eµe???µ??? st?? ta?t?????a ?t? ? ?????p??, ??ta? ?e???µ???? e?e??e???, ?fe??e? ?a? ?a e??a? e?e??e???. ???a? a?t??, µp??e? ?a ?p?st?????e? ?t? ? ??te??et?f???a e??a? ??a d??µa te?????????? ?tete?µ???sµ??. ?p??e? a??µ? ?a ?p?st?????e? ?t? f?s???p??e? ?a? p?a?µ?p??e? t?? a???? ?a? t? Net . ?p?p????, ? ??te??et?f???a de???e? µ?a? ad??a??????t? eµp?st?s??? st?? ?µes? d?µ???at?a. ?p?s?? pa?aß??pe? ?t? ? ???e??? de? e??a? ??a fa???µe?? p?? ep?ß???eta? ap? t?? te???????a, a??? µ?a ??????µ??? p?a?µat???t?ta. ?at? s???pe?a, as??t?? t?? pe?? p??a? te???????a? p???e?ta?, de? ?f?stata? ??t? a?????? µe µ?a ??????µ?a t?? af????a?, af' ?? st??µ?? ta ??????µ??? a?a?? e??a? e? ???sµ?? e???p?.

? s????e?a st?? ??f?a?? ??sµ?

? t??p?? µe t?? ?p??? a?t??aµßa??µaste ta ?eµe??a?? ??a t?? ?ata???s? t?? ??e?t??????? ep????????a? e??t?µata p??pe? ?a a????e? d?ast???. G?a ?a t? ep?t????µe a?t?, e??a? a????? ?a ap??atast?s??µe t?? p??se?t??? ?atas?e?asµ??e? ???e?? µe t? pa?e???? ?a? ?a ??s??µe t?? ‘e???s?a' ?? ?e?t???? ?????a st?? a?t????? µa? ??a t? ??te??et. ? ??te??et?f???a ap?s??d?e? t? ??te??et ap? t?? ??????µ????, ?st?????? ?a? ?????????? s?????e?, af????ta? t? ????? t?? µe t? ßeßa??t?ta ?t? ? ???s? t?? d???t???? ??sµ?? de? p???p???te? µ?a ?ata???s? a?t?? t?? s???????. ?a??e???e? ??a a?a??t??? p?a?s?? d?ep?µe?? ap? t?? ??s????at?a t?? d???t???? ep????????a?, µ?a t?s? pe????af?? ?a? a????s?? t?? ??te??et µ?sa se ??a ?st?????, ?esµ??? ?a? p??pa?t?? ??????µ??? ?e??, ?a??? ? ßas???? ?s????sµ?? e??a? ?t?, a??µ? ?a? a? ?p???e? µ?a ??te??et??? ??????µ?a, ? ??????µ?a a?t? e??a? ?e?fa??? ?a? d?af??et???. ??t? s??a??????a ?a??st? µe ep?d???? t??p? p?e??ast??? ???e µ???µa s?et??? µe t?? ??????µ??? a??s?t?ta, t? d?µ?s?a ?e?t?????a ?a? t?? p????a??sµ?. ????e?µ????, s??ep??, ?a e??a? d??at? ?p??ad?p?te µetaß??? pa?ade??µat??, ep?ß???eta? ?a s???de?eta? ap? µ?a? a?t????? t?? on - line ep????????a? ?? ????? e?t?p?sµ???? µ?sa st?? t?????se? ?????????-??????µ???? e???s?ast???? d?µ?? ?a? ??a ?? d?aµ??f??µe??? ap? ??????? pa?????te?.

? t?????sa e????a t?? ??te??et ???eta? se ??a??a??a a?t??es? µe t??? ??te??et?f??????? ?s????sµ???. ?? a??s?t?te? st?? a??pt??? t?? ??te??et ?a? ? f?s? t?? e? ???? a??pt???? a?t??at?pt?????? µ????? pa?? a?at??p??? t?? e???s?ast???? d?µ?? t?? etat?st???? ?ap?ta??sµ??. ??t? de? e??a? ap???a? ?????, ded?µ???? ?t? de? ??e? ???e? ?aµ?? p??sp??e?a ?a a?apt???e? t? ??te??et ?at? ?p????d?p?te ???? t??p?. ?? ??te??et de? a?apt?????e µ?sa se ??a ??????µ??? ?e??, a??? ap?te?e? µ???? e??? e???te??? p?a?s??? ?a? ??????µ???? pe??ß?????t??. O? ep????????a?? µ?s?, ? ?e?t?????a t?? ?a??stata? d??at? ap? ??a? s??d?asµ? te?????????, ? pa?a???? t?? ?p???? ??e? eµp??e?µat?p????e? ed? ?a?, t??????st??, µ?a de?aet?a, -? s??????? a??a t?? t?µ?a t?? p????f?????? ?a? t?? ep?????????? e?t?µ????e se 1,3 t??s. d?????a ??? ( Herman ?a? McChesney 1997). ?? e?t?µ?se?? ??a t? s?µµet??? t?? ??te??et se a?t? t?? ??????µ?a p?????????. S?µf??a µe t?? Forrester Research , ? ??te??et??? d?ast????t?ta ap?fe?e ?s?da ??? t?? 2,2 d?s. d??a???? t? 1995? ? Active Media ?s?????eta? ?t? ta ep?s?µa on - line ?s?da ??a t? 1997 a????a? se 21,4 d?s. d?????a ???, e?? s?µf??a µe t?? e?t?µ?s? t?? Forrester ?????a? ta 14,4 d?s. ?? e?t?µ?se?? ??a ta ?s?da p?? ?a ap?f??e? t? ??te??et t? 2001 p????????? ap? ta 45,5 d?s. d?????a ??? p?? e?t?µ? ? Forrester ( Forrester 1995) ?? t?? p??ß?e?? t?? ?d??? t?? Gates , ? ?p???? ???e? ???? ??a 13-15 d?s. d?????a? ? Active Media a????e? a?t? t? ???µe?? se 1.234 d?s. d?????a ??a t? 2002. S??ep??, t? ??te??et e??a? ??a eµp??e?µat?p???µ??? µ?s?: ? a?ta??a?t??? a??a t?? on - line ep????????a? ?aµß??e? p??te?a??t?ta ??a?t? t?? ????? a???? t??. ??t? ? p??te?a??p???s? e?d????eta? µe t?e?? ?????? µ??f??, ?a?eµ?? ap? t?? ?p??e? ap?f??e? s?µa?t??? ?s?da. ?at' a????, µe t?? eµp??e?µat?p???s? t?? p??sßas??: ? a???? t?? pa????? ?p??es??? ??te??et a???e? s?µe?a 8,4 d?s. d?????a (? AOL µ??? ??e? 13 e?at. s??d??µ?t?? ?a? ? a??a t?? e?t?µ?ta? se 2 d?s. d?????a). ?at? de?te???, µe t?? eµp??e?µat?p???s? t?? e??a?e??? p?????s?? ?a? t?? µ??a??? a?a??t?s?? (ta ?s?da t?? Yahoo µ??? a??????ta? se 30.206.000 d?????a ?at? t? p??t? t??µ??? t?? 1998). ?at? t??t??, µe t? d?af?µ?s?: ta ?s?da ap? t? d?af?µ?s? st? Web a??????a? ?at? 28%, a??????ta? ta 169,8 e?at. d?????a t? p??t? t??µ??? t?? 1997 ( Cowles / Simbanet 1997).

?????????? st?? ??? e??a? s??de?e? on - line (a???µ?? d?p??s??? e?e???? t?? p??????µ???? et??), e?? ? International Data Corp e?t?µ?se ?t? 20% t?? aµe???a????? ??????????? ?ta? on - line [d???eta? s??des? on - line ] (IDC 1998). ? Jupiter e?t?µ? ?t? 3,7 e?at. ?????????? e??a? s??dedeµ??a st? Net st?? ????p?, e?? 3,4 st?? ?s?at???? ???e? t?? ?????????. ?µ????, ??e??a a????? t?? PC Meter e?t?µ?se ?t? t? 11% t?? s?????? t?? 98,8 e?at. ??????????? st?? ??? e??a? p??sßas? st? Internet (e?? t? p?s?st? ??a ??a? ????? ????te?a ?ta? 4,4%). ?a p???sµata t?? e?e???? p?? ap?pe????ta? ?a p??sd????s??? t?? a???µ? t?? ???st?? st?? ??? ??µa????ta? ap? t? ?aµ??? e?t?µ?s? t?? Morgan Stanley (8 e?at.) ?? t?? e?t?p?s?a?? e?t?µ?s? t?? Wirtin Worldwide (pe??ss?te??? ap? 35 e?at.). ?? Internet µ????e? µe ??a d??t??, ap' t?? ???µ? t?? ?p???? ?ef?t?????? ??ad?? p?? µe?a?????? ad????pa. ? t??p?? p?? µe?a???e? a?t? t? d??t?? de? e??a? t??a???? ?pa???e?eta? ap? d?e??e?? ??????µ???-p???t???? d?µ??. ? ??t?s? ??a backbone capacity p??? µ?a ded?µ??? ???a ??e? ?? ap?t??esµa ??a pe??ss?te?? s???e?t??µ??? d??t??, t? ?p??? ???e? t?? s??d?se?? p??? a?t? t? ???a ta??te?e? ?a? pe??ss?te?? ?s?????(;), ?e????? p?? µe t? se??? t?? a????e? t? ??t?s?. ?p???e? µ?a ßas??? ??te??et??? ?a?????a???, ??a ?e?t???? d??pe???t??? d??t?? st? ?p??? ????? s??de?e? µ????te?a d??t?a. ?? ??? ß??s???ta? st? ???t?? t?? p?e????t?ta? a?t?? t?? s??d?se??. ?p?? pa?at??e? ? R . Hagen , d?e????t?? ??te??et???? µ??a????? st?? MCI , «?? ????ate µ?a µat?? s' ??a? ???t? t?? pa???sµ?a? ?p?d?µ?? t?? ??te??et, ??e? ?? ??aµµ?? ?a s???????a? p??? t?? ???, ?? a?t?? de? e??a? ? e?dede??µ???? t??p?? ??a ?a ?t?se?? ??a d??t??». ( Evagoras 1997:7). ?? ???p??, ????? ?????, ??a pa??t? p????f????? ?p?epe ?a µetad??e? ap? t? ?p?????? ???e? st? ??µa, ?a ?p?epe ?a p?e? µ?s? ???s???t?? ? ???t?a?t ( MIDS 1997).

?? ?a?????a???? t?? ??te??et e??a? ?atas?e?asµ??e? ap? ????t???t?ta t?? ?p??a ????? st?? ?at??? t??? ?? a?? t?? ??sµ? PTOs ( Public Telephone Operators ) (??S? 1996: 1)? af' ?? st??µ?? ?? ep??e???se?? e?µ?s?????? ??aµµ?? ap? t??? PTOs ?a? ?? ???ste? ???s?µ?p????? t??ef?????? ??aµµ?? ??a ?a d?µ??????s??? dial-up s??d?se??, ?? a?? t?? ??sµ? PTOs e??a? p??fa??? ?? p??t?? p?????? t?? on - line ??sµ??. ??t? ? s??s? µeta?? t?? t??ep????????a??? ?p?d?µ?? ?a? t?? on - line ??sµ?? de? e??a? ????? s?µas?a? de???e? ?t?, se µe???? ßa?µ?, ? t??ep????????a?? ????t???t?ta ?a? ?p?d?µ? ?a ?a????s??? t?? a???s? t?? ???s?? t?? Internet (s??ep?? ?a? t?? p??sßas?) ?a? t?? a???te?t????? t?? d??t???. ?? ??ße? ?a?e?? ?p' ??? ta ßas??? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? pa???sµ?a? t??ep????????a??? ?p?d?µ??, a?a?a??pte? p???? ??a t? ?a?est?? p?? d??pe? t? ??te??et. F??' e?pe??, t? 68% t?? pa???sµ?a? t??ep????????a??? ?p?d?µ?? e??p??ete? t?? a????e? t?? 16,8% t?? pa???sµ??? p????sµ?? (t? ?p??? ?s?d??aµe? µe t? p?s?st? t?? pa???sµ??? p????sµ?? p?? d?aß??? st?? pe????? t?? OEDC ). ( OEDC 1997: 10). ??t? ?a µp????se ?a e????se? ??at? t? 82% t?? Internet hosts ß??s???ta? st?? pe????? t?? OEDC . ?p?p????, ? ????? t?? ??? st?? pa???sµ?e? t??ep????????e? e??a? d?sa?????a s?µa?t????: p??te ap? t?? ept? ?????te?e? t??ep????????a??? ?d??? d??????ta? ap? t?? ??? ( Cable ?a? Distler 1995: 10). ?? aµe???a????? eta??e?e? ????a????? st?? pa???sµ?a t??ep????????a?? a???? ( Mansell 1993).

? t??ep????????a?? ?p?d?µ? p?? ?p???e? se µ?a ???a ??e?, s??ep??, ?a???a s?µas?a ??a t?? a???s? t?? ???s?? t?? Internet , t?s? d??t? pa???e? ????t???t?ta st??? ?a???e?? ?e??e??µ???? ??te??et ?s? ?a? d??t? pa???e? st??? ???ste? ????a??? t??ef?????? ??aµµ?? ??a dial - up ???s? (??S? 1997). St?? ?p?d?µ? s?µpe???aµß????ta? ? t?p?? s??des?? (a?a???????, ??f?a???, µe ???s? ?a??d??? ?pt???? ????), ? ????t???t?ta ?a? ? ta??t?ta, ?a??? ?a? ? d?µ?s??? ? ?d??t???? ?a?a?t??a? t?? t??ep??????????. ????? ?????, t? ?a???ß?????, µ?a ?e??d???e?sa d?µ???at?a, ??e? µ??? ??a? t??ep????????a?? f???a ? ?p???? e??a? ?pe?????? ??a t? ???µ?s? t?? pa????? t?? t??ep?????????? t??? ??e? ?? t??ep????????a??? ??aµµ?? p?? s??d???? t? ?a???ß????? µe t?? ?p????p? ??sµ? p??pe? ?a d??????? ap? t?? p??te???sa t?? p???? G??????s?aß?a?, t? ?e?????d?. ???? pe?????sµ???? ????t???t?ta?, e??a? ad??at?? ?a e?µ?s???e? a??et? e???? ????? st??? ?a???e?? ?p??es??? ??te??et. ? t??ep????????a??? f???a? a??e?ta? ep?s?? ?a d?se? ?de?a ??a d?µ??????a ????t?? t??ep?????????? st?? Global System Mobile Communication , µ?a eta??e?a ? ?p??a p??spa?e? ?a ef?d??se? t? ?a???ß????? µe as??µate? s??d?se?? ??te??et. ?ts?, t? ?a???ß????? pa?aµ??e? e?t?? ??ße???????? ??a ?????? p???t????? ?a? e????? ?????.

?p?p????, t? e???? ????? t?? s??des?? p??????e? s?µa?t??? ap? t? µ?a pe????? t?? p?a??t? st?? ????, ?a? µa?? t?? p??????e? ?a? ? ta??t?ta µet?d?s??. ?a pe??ss?te?a tµ?µata t?? aµe???a????? ?a?????a???? ????? e???? ????? 622 Mbits ? ?a? ?????te??, ?e????? p?? t?p??ete? t?? ??? st? ???t?? t?? a???te?t?????? ?p?d?µ??. ? ??d?a ??e? 10 Mbits ????t???t?ta? ??te??et amd ?a? ? ??s?a 40, ?e????? p?? e? µ??e? e???e? t??? ?aµ????? ???µ??? d?e?sd?s?? t?? ??te??et se a?t?? t?? ???e? ( Evagoras 1997). St?? ????p? ?p?????? ???e? (s??d?se?? µe e???? ????? 2- Mbit ;), µe s???pe?a t?t??e? (s??d?se??;) ?a e??a? ?pe?ß????? a???ß?? ??a ?a µ?s?????? ap? ep??e???se??, ?e????? p?? ?s?? e???e? ??at? ? ????p? ?ste?e? se ??f?a??? ep??e???se?? ?a? ??at? ?? e???pa???? ???e? a???????ta? ?a a?tepe??????? st? ??t?s? (??a µe?a??te?? e???? ?????;) ( ??S? 1996). ?a p??ß??µata sta?e??t?ta? t?? d??t??? p?? p???a?e? ? s?µf???s? (? ad??aµ?a t?? p??sf???? ?a ?a???e? t? ??t?s?;) ?a? t? pe?????sµ??? e???? ????? e??a? te??st?a.

?? e?d???? s??d?se?? ?????? ta??t?ta? p?? d????ta? µe???e? ???? p????f????? (514 Kbs ?a? ?????te?e?) de? e??a? p??s?t?? st? µ?s? ???st?. ? s?????ste?? s??des? µe t? Internet e??a? 28,8 Kbs , p??s?t? st? 39,0% t?? ???st??, e?? a????????? ?? s??d?se?? µe ta??t?ta 14,4 ? bs –? ta??t?ta p?? ?at? ?a???a ???s?µ?p??e? t? 25,5% t?? ???st?? ( Kantor ?a? Neubarth 1996: 48). ?? s??????e? ?a?e?? a?t?? t?? ta??t?te? s??des?? µe, a? p??µe, ta 44,736 Mbps p?? ap??aµß????? ?s?? ???ste? t?? IBM st?????? p????f???e? µ?s? t?? d??t??? t?? IBM (tµ?µa t?? ?a?????a???? t?? ???), ?ata?aßa??e? ?a?e?? ?t? t? e???? ????? st?? ??ße??????? de? e??a? ape?????st?? e??a? ??a ‘?d??t??? a?a??', t? ?p??? de? ?ata??µeta? e??s?? se ?????. Se ??a p??? ßas??? ep?ped?, ?? d?a??µ??se?? t?? e????? ????? s?µa????? ?t? de? ????? ???? ?? ???ste? t? ?d?? s?st?µa d?a??µ?? st? d???es? t??? –??at? ????? e???? ????? de? ?p???e? d?a??µ? pe??e??µ????. ?ts?, a??µ? ?a? a? ??p???? pa???e? on - line pe??e??µe??, e??a? ????st? ????? t? e???? ????? p?? apa?te?ta? ??a ?a t? µetad?se?. ?? ??p???? ??e?e ?a ste??e? ??a pa??t? p????f????? 680 MB ap? t?? ?t???ta st? ?a? ????a?, ?a ??e?a??ta? 53 ??e? pe??ss?te?? ap' ?s? ??a pa??t? p?? ?a ?ste??e ? ?. Hagen p?? a?af??aµe st? s. 93 (a??µ? ?a? a? ?ta? s??d??µ?t?? t?? MCI ). ??t? s?µa??e? ?t? ? ?. Hagen d?a??te? pe??ss?te?? d??aµ? st?? on - line ep????????a, ef' ?s?? µp??e? ?a µetad?se? ?a? ?a ??ße? pe??e??µe?? ap?te?esµat???te?a ?a? ta??te?a. ? e???t?s? ap? t? e???? ????? s?µa??e? ?t? t? Internet e? ???sµ?? de? e??a? ??a pe??ß????? af????a?. ?a??? ? ???s? a????eta?, t? d?a??s?µ? e???? ????? ???eta? t? s?µa?t???te?? ?d??t??? a?a?? on - line . ?at' ??s?a?, ? ????s? t?? ?????f???a? ???eta? ?a???a?.

?f????ta? ?at? µ???? t? p??ß??µa t?? e????? ?????, t? ??st?? p??sßas?? st? Internet p??????e? s?µa?t??? se s????t?s? µe t?? ??????µ??? a??pt??? ?a? t?? ?e???af??? ??s?. S?µf??a µe t?? ??S?, t? ?a???? ?????f???a? t?? Internet , p?? a?t?p??s?pe?e? t?? t?µ? µ?a? µ???a?a? s??d??µ?? s?? t?? pstn ????s? ( peak rate ) ??a 20 ??e? on - line µ???a???, ap??a??pte? d?aµat???? a??µ???t?te? st?? t?µ?????s? t?? p??sßas??? ??a? ?e???a??? ? ?p???? s??d?eta? on - line se ??a a??µ?? ?a p??pe? ?a p????se? t?sse??? f???? pe??ss?te?a ap? e?e??a p?? ?a p????se? ??a? ?a?ad??, e?? ? ??eta??? ???st?? ?a p??pe? ?a p????se? ??t? ????te?? ap? t?? ?e???a??, a??? t??????st?? t?e?? f???? pe??ss?te?a ap? e?e??a p?? ?a p?????e ??a? ?µe???a??? (??S? 1997).

?p??e???µat??? ???s? - eµp????? ???s?

??a ep?p???? pa??µet??? t?? a??s?t?ta? st?? t??p? µe t?? ?p??? a?apt?sseta? t? Internet af??? t?? a???s? t?? p??sßas?? ?a? ???s?? t?? ap? ep??e???se?? se s?????s? µe t?? p??sßas? ?a? t? ???s? t?? ap? ?ata?a??t??. ?a a???µ?t??? ded?µ??a de?????? ?t? ? p??t? ?pe?ßa??e? ?at? p??? t? de?te??. ??t? s?µa??e? ?t? ? a???s? t?? ep??e???µat???? ???s?? de? s??ep?f??e? a?t?µata a???s? t?? ?ata?a??t???? ???s??. ? ActivMedia e?t?µ? t? p?s?st? a???s?? t?? s??d?se?? ep??e???se?? µe t? Internet se 15% a?? µ??a ?a? t? ???µ? a???s?? t?? p??sßas?? ?ata?a??t?? se 50% ???e ?????. ?µ????, s?µf??a µe t?? ??S?, s?ed?? ta d?? t??ta t?? ?????f???a? t?? Internet s???sta?ta? ap? µetaf???? ded?µ???? e?t?? eta??e??? (??S? 1996).

??a s?????s? t?? ep???ate??? ep?ßeßa???e? a?t? ta s?µpe??sµata. ?? S??µa 3.2 de???e? t??? Internet hosts ?p?? ????? ?ata??afe? s?µf??a µe t? domain name p?? ???s?µ?p?????. ??? ?e??µß??? t?? 1991, ?p???a? ????te??? ap? 500.000 eµp?????? host computers , e?? t? p??ß?d?sµa e??a? ?? host computers t?? e?pa?de?t???? ?d??µ?t??. ??? ?e??µß??? t?? 1996, ?? eµp?????? hosts p??p??e???ta? ?at? p???, ????ta? ft?se? s?µf??a µe e?t?µ?se?? ta 4 e?at. ? a???µ?? t?? e?pa?de?t???? hosts e??e ep?s?? a????e? –??? ?µ?? st?? ?d?? ßa?µ?- se 2,5 e?at. ???µ? ?a? a? de ?e????saµe ap?fas?st??? a?t?? t? d?af??? st? ???µ? a??pt????, µ?a µat?? st?? a???µ? t?? hosts p?? e??p??et??? ?? ??ße???t????? ???a??sµ??? ?a ?p?epe ?a µa? pe?se?. ?p?p????, t? 1996 ?p???a? 1,3 e?at. ep??e???se?? on - line , a???µ?? p?? ?s?? t? 2001 ??e? a????e? se 8,0 e?at. ?? 82% t?? 500 eta??e??? p?? pe???aµß????ta? st?? e?d??? ??d?s? t?? pe???d???? Fortune ??a t? 1996 ?ta? s??dedeµ??e? st? Internet , e?? ?? ?p????pe? d???eta? dial - up s??d?se?? ?a? t? 100% t?? µe????? eta??e??? d???eta? s??des? µe t? Internet ( Forrester 1996). ?p?p????, t? 1996, ? Forrester ?p?????se ?t? ? a???µ?? ?st?t?p?? t?? µe????? eta??e??? ?µe??e se µ?a d?et?a ?a tet?ap?as?aste? ap? ??a µ?s? ??? t?? t??e?? t?? 2,5 ( Forrester 1996 a ). ?p?p???? st???e?a p???????ta? ap? t? WWW . S?µf??a µe ??e??a t?? ActivMedia , ? a???µ?? eµp?????? ?st?se??d?? a??????e ap? 600 t? Sept?µß??? t?? 1994 se 95.000 t?? ?????? t?? 1996. ? a???µ?? eµp?????? ?st?se??d?? p?? e??a? ?ata?????e? st? Yahoo (st? directory ??a t?? ‘ Web business ') a????eta? ?at? 19% ???e µ??a.

??e?t?????? eµp???? ?a? ??e?t?????? ep????????a

s?ed?a?a? ?a e??atast?s??? te???????a ??e?t??????? eµp????? st?? ?st?se??de? t??? ( NUA 1997), e?? t? 100% t?? eta??e??? p?? e??t????a? ap? t?? Forrester d????ta? pa?a??e??e? µ?s? t?? Net , t? 41% ???s?µ?p????sa? t? Internet ??a ?a ep?ßeßa??s??? t?? p????µ? ?a? t? 38% ??a ?a ep?ßeßa??s??? t?? pa??d?s?. ?? 67% t?? eta??e??? p?? e??t????a? ap? t? Forrester e??a? ap?fas?se? ?a ep?d????? st? ??e?t?????? eµp???? ??a ?a e?asfa??s??? t? p??ß?d?sµa. ? ????? t?? eµp?????? s??a??a???(;) µeta?? ep??e???se?? a?aµe??ta? ?a a????e? ta 8 d?s. d?????a t? 1997, p?s? p?? a?t?p??s?pe?e? ???d? t?? t??e?? t?? 100% se s?????s? µe t? a?t?st???? t?? 1996? ? a???µ?? a?t?? a?aµ??eta? ?a a????e? se 327 d?s. d?????a ?at? t? 2002 ( Forrester 1997). ? Anderson Consulting p??ß??pe? ?t? ? a???? e?d?? µpa?a????? on - line ?a a????e? se 60 d?s. d?????a ??? ?at? t?? ep?µe?? de?aet?a. ? ?e???? ????? e?t?µ?se ?t? ? s???????? ????? eµp?????? s??a??a??? st? Internet e?d??eta? ?a a????e? ta 10 d?s. d?????a st?? ?aµp? t?? a???a ( White House 1997). ? ActivMedia e?t?µ? ?t? ta ?s?da ap? t? ??e?t?????? eµp???? ?a a??????? ta 1,2 t??s. d?????a t? 2001 ( ActivMedia 1998). S?µf??a µe ??e??a p?? ????e t? 1997, 5,6 e?at. ?????p??, d??ad? t? 15,5% t?? on - line ???st??, ????? ???s?µ?p???se? t? WWW ??a ?a a????s??? ??a p????? ? µ?a ?p??es?a? ?µ????, t? 73% ?s?? “se?f?????” st? WWW a?a??t??? st? Web p????f???e? ??a s???e???µ??a p?????ta p??? p??ß??? se a???? ( Nielsen Media 1997).

G?a ?a e??a? ef??t? ? d?e?a???? t?? ??e?t??????? eµp?????, p??pe? ?a d?asfa?????ta? ???sµ???? pa?????te?, ?e????? t? ?p??? apa?te? s?µa?t???? a??a???. ?? pa?????te? a?t?? e??a? ? asf??e?a, ? ta??t?ta ?a? ? p??stas?a t?? ?d??t???? ded?µ???? ? ?p?? ?a?a?t???st??? a?af??eta? se ????? t?? Wired , «a? de? d?asfa??ste? t? ap????t?, de? ???eta? eµp????» ( Daves 1998: 135). ? asf??e?a e??a? t? apa?a?t?t? p??t? ß?µa ??a t? ??e?t?????? eµp???? ?a? ? ???pt????f?s? e??a? µ?a ???a??sµ??? µ??f? asf??e?a?. ???eta? ep?s?? t? e??t?µa t?? ???µ?st???? p?a?s??? p?? ?a ????et??e? ??a t?? ??e?t?????? ep????????a ?a? t? ??e?t?????? eµp????, ef' ?s?? ?at? pa??d?s? a???a? se d?af??et??? ???µ?st??? pa?ade??µata ( Hartman 1998). ?at? s???pe?a, a??µ? ?a? a? ??p???? d?af??e? µe t?? p???t???? e?st?se?? p?? st??f??ta? e?a?t??? t?? e?sa????? t?? ??e?t??????? eµp?????, e??a? saf?? ?t? t? ??e?t?????? eµp???? ?a? ? ??e?t?????? ep????????a de? µp????? e????a ?a s???p??????. ?? µe?et?se? ?a?e?? p??se?t??? t? S??µa 2.1 ?a? a?a????ste? t?? ep?pt?se?? p?? ?a e??e t? ??e?t?????? eµp???? st?? ??????µ?a t?? Internet , ?ata?aßa??e? ?t? ?a ep?t?epe t?? e?s?d? st?? ?p?d?µ? t?? Net eta??e??? ?? ?p??e? ??deµ?a s??s? ????? µe t?? ep????????a –?a?, ?p?? ????µe de?, ? ?p?d?µ? ?a?????e? t? pe??e??µe??.

?a???e?? ?p??es??? ??te??et: d?µ??ta? t?? on - line eµpe???a

?? «?a???e?? ?p??es??? ??te??et» [ Internet Service Providers – ISPs ] e??a? ?? de?te??? p?????? t?? on - line ??sµ??. ?at' a????, ? t?µ? p?? ?a???????? ??a t?? ?p??es?e? p?? p??sf????? ???µ??e? t?? on - line d?ast????t?ta ??????µ???. ?ts?, ? ?a????sµ?? d?af??et???? t?µ?? ??a t?? p??sßas? st? ??te??et ?a? t? f????e??a ?st?se??d?? d?µ??????se t?? d?a????sµ? t?? on - line pa?a????? ap? t?? on - line ?ata?a??t?. ?? ?? ?a???e?? ?p??es??? ??te??et de? ?????a? ep?p???? ???µata ??a ?a ß????? t?? p????f???e? on - line , ??a? t?t???? d?a????sµ?? de ?a e??e ep???at?se? t?s? e????a. ? ?????a e??? on - line ?????? ?a? on - line a???????se?? ?ta? t? µ???a?? epa???????. ???????, ???? ?? ?a???e?? ?p??es??? ??te??et d?a??t??? ??d??e? s?µpe??f????, s????a ?a????? t??? ?p????? ?? ???ste? p??pe? apa?e????t?? ?a t????? ?a? ?? ?p???? e?d??eta? ?a ap?ß??? ep???µ??? ??a t? pe??e??µe??. ?? f??t????sµa t?? pe??e??µ???? ????ete?ta? p???? ?a? ap? t??? a?ad?µa????? ?a???e??.

??t?? ap? ??a? t?t??? ?µes? ??e???, ?? ?a???e?? ?p??es??? ??te??et as???? ??e??? ?a? µ?s? t?? ?p?s?es?? t??? ?a d?µ?s??? t?? on - line eµpe???a, ?a p??sd?s??? µ??f? st?? ?st?, µ?a p???es? p?? e?f???eta? ?a?a?? st?? ?aµp???e? µ???et???? ?a? d?af?µ?s?? t?? ?p??es??? p?? pa??????. St?? ?aµp???e? a?t??, pa?' ?t? t? ??te??et ??e? ????d?µ??e? ?? ??a? a?a??? ??????ta? p??? e?e?e???s?, ???e eta??e?a ?p?s?eta? ?a µetaµ??f?se? t? ???? se pa?d??? ?a?? t?? ???s??. ?? ???????, e?e??? p?? p??e?ta? e??a? ? d?µ?s?. ?? ?a???e?? ?p?s???ta? ?a ?atast?s??? t? ??te??et µ?a? asfa?? ?a? d?µ?µ??? eµpe???a? ?p?? ?a?a?t???st??? a?af??eta? st? s????µa t?? LineOne , «?p???e? t??p?? ?' a????e?? d??µ? µ?sa st? ??????a;», ?, ?p?? d?aßeßa???e? ? AOL , «???a?????µe t? Web ??a es??». ??t? p?? ep?s?? ?p?s???ta? e??a? ?t? µ?a t?t??a d?µ?s? ?a e??a? e?at?µ??e?µ??? ?a? ?a ?aµß??e? ?p??? t?? ?d?a?te?e? a????e? ???e ???st?. ? ?aµp???a t?? Microsoft s?µp?????e? p??? ep?t???µ??a a?t? t? d?tt? ?p?s?es?: «??? ???ete ?a ß?e?e?te s?µe?a;» ? µ???? t?? Internet ?? e??? ?a?t???? t?p??? e??a? t? ap?te?esµat???te?? e??a?e?? µ???et????, ??at? ep?t??pe? st?? µe???e? eta??e?e? ?a pa???s?????ta? ?? ep?te???se? µ?a d?tt? ?a? ap???t?? apa?a?t?t? ?e?t?????a st?? on - line ??sµ?: t? d?µ?s? ?a? t?? e?at?µ??e?s?. ???a? ? ap?te?esµat???te?? te????? µ???et???? epe?d? pa???s???e? t?? on - line eta??e?a ?? ep?te???sa µ?a ??t??? ?e?t?????a, ?? ??a? ?esµ? ? ?p???? ß???? t? ?t?µ? ?a e??a? a?t???µ? on - line . ? ?pe?p??ß??? a?t?? t?? d?tt?? ?e?t?????a? apa???sse? t?? eta??e?e? ap? t?? a????? ?a ????d?t?s??? ??a t?? s?µµa??e? p?? s???pt??? ?a? t?? ???ete? e??p???se?? st?? ?p??e? p??ßa?????, ef' ?s?? pa???s?????ta? ?? e?e??et???? ??a t?? pe??t?, ?a??? ? ??e???? d?a???? e???te??? pt???? t?? ??ße???????? ?a??stata? e??s??t???? pa????? t?? ap?d?t???t?ta? t?? eta??e?a?.

?? d??t?a??? p??e? e??a? ??a p??? ?a?a?t???st??? pa??de??µa t?? p?? a?t? t? ???? e?ap???eta? ap? t??? ?a???e?? ?p??es??? ??te??et st??? pa???e?? pe??e??µ????. ?? d??t?a??? p??e? ????? ?? ???? ??? µ??? ?a pa?????? ??? pe??e??µe?? a??? ?a? ?a ???a?????? t? ?d? ?p????? pe??e??µe??, pa?ap?µp??ta? t?? ???st? st??? p??sf???te???? p?????. ???a?, s??ep??, ? ????a e?s?d?? p??? t?? ??te??et??? eµpe???a, ?d??? ??a t??? ?e???p??? ???ste?, af?? t? switching µp??e? ?a ap?ße? dapa????. ?s?? t?ss??ta? ?p?? e??? eµp??e?µat?p???µ???? ??te??et, pa???s?????? t? ?e?t?????a p?? ep?te???? ?? d??t?a??? p??e? ?? ap??? p?a?t???(ep??e???s?a??; ?e?t???????;). ?at? ta ?e??µe?a t?? M . Pareth , a?a??t? t?? Goldman Sachs , «?? d??t?a??? p??e? e??a? ?p??es?e? p?? s??e?????? epa?eµfa????µe?e? p?s?t?te? ?????f???a? (?p? ?????f???a p????f?????) ?a? pa?????? d?af??et??? s????a ?e?t???????t?ta? se a?t?? t?? (?p? ?????f???a p????f???e?)» ( Goldman Sachs 1998:3). ????t?p????ta? t?? ?de?????a t?? µ???et???? p?? p??????µ???? pa???s??saµe, ?p?st????eta? ?t? ?? d??t?a??? p??e?, pa?????ta? st??? ???ste? t?? apa?a?t?t? ??a t? ?e?t?????a t?? ??te??et d?aµes???ß?s?, p??sf????? µ?a ??t??? ??a t? ???st? ?p??es?a. ??t??t???, st?? p?a?µat???t?ta, a?t? p?? ?????? e??a? ?a ep?te???? µ?a ?e?t?????a ??t??? ??a t?? pe?a?t??? eµp??e?µat?p???s? t?? ??te??et, e?at?µ??e???ta? t? pe??e??µe?? ?a? ?at??????p????ta? t?? ?st?se??de? –p???µa t? ?p??? ap?ßa??e? p??? ?fe??? ??? t?? ???st? a??? t?? eta??e?a?. ?e t?? t??p? a?t? ?ate??????? t?? p??s??? e?e? p?? ??????, ??at? a?t? a???ß?? ? d??µ?????s? t?? p??s???? ?a? ? s?????s? t?? (?p? ?????f???a p????f?????) e??a? ? ap?st??? t???. ?? d??t?a??? p??e? ap?te???? t? s?µe?? e?????s?? ??a p?????? ?ata?a??t?? ?a? s??a??????a d?µ??? es?eµµ??a a?t? p?? ? ???st?? µp??e? ?a ???e? on - line .

????sµ??? ?a? e??a?e?a p?????s??

? s?µas?a t?? ????sµ???? st? d?µ?s? ?a? d?aµ??f?s? t?? p????f???a? e??a? ad??at?? ?a ?a??f?e? d?e??d??? µ?sa sta ???a a?t?? t?? ?efa?a???. ???a? a??et? ?a p??µe ?t? t? ????sµ??? e??a? f???a? a??a? ?a? ?? t?t??? µp??e? ?a s??e?sf??e? se d?µ?? ?? ?p??e? p??ß?????? ???sµ??a pe??e??µe?a pe??ss?te?? ap? ???a. ?? µ??a??? a?a??t?s?? ep?s?? a??????? d?a???? t? d??aµ? t??? st?? ??ße???????. ??aµes??aß??? t?? on - line eµpe???a pa?ap?µp??ta? st? e??st?te p??sf??? pe??e??µe??. ? Yahoo µ??? d?aµes??aße? pe??p?? 30 e?at. eµpe???e? ???e µ??a. ??a t?t??a µes???ß?s? de? p??pe? ?a ?e????e? as?µa?t?, ??at? ??e? ?? s???pe?a ?t? de? ap??a?e? ??? t? pe??e??µe?? t?? ?d?a? ???es??. ?????a pe??ss?te?? s??????eta? p???? ?a p???????µe t?? µ??a??? a?a??t?s?? ??a ?a p?????s??? ???sµ??? ?????, e?? ?? µ??a??? a?a??t?s?? ep?s?? ??? ?a? p?? s???? µa? p??te????? ?a p??spe??s??µe ??a s???e???µ??? pe??e??µe??.

?d?s?µa?s?

? a??t??? a????s? d?a?????e? ?a?a?? t?? s?et???? µe t? ??te??et ß??µ??a??e?, s???a??pt??ta? t?? p?a?µat???t?ta, ?t? µ?a pe??e?t???te?? e????a t?? on - line e???s?a? µp??e? ?a ß?e?e? a???ß?? st? s???fa?s? ?p?d?µ?? ?a? pe??e??µ????. ? t??p?? µe t?? ?p??? s???fa????ta?, a????ep??a??pt??ta? ?a? a?aµ??????ta? ?? s?et???? µe t? ??te??et ß??µ??a??e? ?a? ?? a??s?t?te? p?? pe??????aµe p?? p??? s???st? t? s?µa?t???te?? µ??f?µa t?? on - line e???s?a?: t?? ?d?s?µa?s?. ? a?t????? ?t? ? ?ata????s? ? ? ???s? st? Internet s?µßa????? ?ta? ? ???st?? ß??pe?/???s?µ?p??e? µ?a ?st?se??da e??a? esfa?µ???, d??t? pa?aß??pe? ?t? a?t? p?? d?µe? ?a? d?aµ??f??e? t?? on - line eµpe???a (t?? ?ata????s?) e??a? t? s????? ?a? ? a?????d?as? t?? d?af???? µe??? p?? p??sd???????? ?a? d?aµ??f????? t?? on - line ??sµ?. ?a? a???ß?? st?? ??a??t?ta ?a ?a???????µe µ?a t?t??a d?asta???s? ?a? a?????d?as? ???e?ta? ? on - line e???s?a. ?? ???????, ? p??s??? t?? ???st?? d?µe?ta? µ?s? t?? d?ap????? t?? p??te ß??µ??a???? p?? s?????t??? t?? ??te??et??? eµpe???a –t?? t??ep??????????, t?? ?a?????? ?p??es??? ??te??et, t?? ?atas?e?ast?? ????sµ????, t?? µ??a??? a?a??t?s?? ?a? t?? on - line a?aµetad?t??? ? p??s??? t?? ???st?? d?µe?ta? ?a??? ?a????ta? ?a a???????s??? t?? ?d?s?µa?s? ?a? ?a ???s?µ?p???s??? t? ??te??et ?at? ???sµ????? t??p???.

S?µp??asµa

??t? ? µ????? ??fe?? e????a t?? ??te??et de? ap?s??pe? ?a ?d???se? se µ?a st?s? µa???st???? s?ept???sµ??, a??? ?a pa??s?e? t? ß?s? ??a µ?a ?????? epa?e?????????s?[?a epa?af??e? st?? e?e???t??? at???ta e??t?µata p?? af????? t?? ????????? ?s?t?ta, t? d?µ?s?? ?a?? ?a? t?? p???t?sµ??? ????a???a. ?? ??te??et ?a µp????se ?a e??a? ??t? pe??ss?te?? ap? µ?a p?atf??µa d?a??µ??. Ta µp????se ep?s?? ?a e??a? ??t? pe??ss?te?? ap? ??a ??f?a?? ???µa ??a at?µ??? ???s? ?a? ??a??p???s?. G?a ?a s?µße? ?µ?? a?t?, t? s?µe???? afe??? pa??de??µa t?? ?e?d?-f??e?e??e??? at?µ???sµ?? p??pe? ?a d?se? t? ??s? t?? se ??a ??aµa t?? a?t?? p?? ?a ?fe??e ?a e??a? t? ??te??et. ?? pe??ß????? µ?sa st? ?p??? a?apt?sseta? t? ??te??et s???st? ??a? epe????ta ???? ??a t?? a?a??p???s? t?? ep??e???µ?t?? p?? a??????? ??a? d?µ?s?? ???? ??a ta ???. ?pa?af??e? st? ???t?? t?? s???t?s?? e??ata?e?e?µµ??e? ap?????e? pe?? d?µ?s?a? pa??µßas?? ?a? ???µat?d?t?s?? t?? ep????????a?. ??e??e? e? ???? e??t?µata a?af????? µe t? d?µ?s?? s?µf???? st? ep??e?t?? t?? s???t?s??. ??a d?µ?s?? ??te??et e??a? apa?a?t?t? ??a a?ast???e? t?? s?µe????? t?se?? eµp??e?µat?p???s??. ???? a? de? f?ß????µe ?a p??f????µe t? ???? ‘d?µ?s??', µp????µe ?a a???s??µe ?a s???t?µe ??a t?? e?e??es? e??? t??p?? e??d?? ap? t? ?e?f??e?e??e?? at???ta. ?? ??te??et e??a? d??at?? ?a pa??s?e? t? ß?s? ??a µ?a? a?a???s? t?? pa??d?s?? t?? ?esµ?? ?????? ?fe?e?a?. St???? a?t?? t?? ?efa?a??? de? e??a? ?a s??a??af?se? t?? ?de?d? µ??f? e??? t?t???? d?µ?s??? ??te??et, a??? ?a a????e? t? s???t?s?, µetat?p????ta? ta e??t?µata ap? t?? a???a?? ?tete?µ???sµ?.